We can use our four basic operations to solve so many types of mathematical and real-world problems, but we need to be careful when we combine or repeat them. The commutative and associative laws apply to certain operations but not others. We use the distributive law to guide calculations when we combine different operations. But we need to follow an order of operations, which we apply to any combination of operations we need.
In this unit, we learn how to use exponents and exponential notation to represent repeated multiplication. For example, repeatedly multiplying two against itself five times results in 
. We will pay careful attention to how negative numbers interact with our operations and clarify how to group different symbols (subjected to different operations) in the correct and clear order.
Completing this unit should take you approximately 4 hours.
Calculations and operations with negative numbers may seem strange at first compared to computations with positive ones. But there are plenty of real-world and mathematical scenarios that require them!
Temperature is a good example: the thermostat might read 
or 
degrees Celsius. Profits and losses offer another example. We say a business is in the red when it owes money. It is in the black when there is a surplus. For example, a business that has a tally of negative $500.00 (or 
) is in the red by 500 dollars.
Our operations would be incomplete without negative numbers! The additive inverse property we discussed in Section 1.3 would no longer hold if negative numbers were not available. Also, we would not be able to cancel positive numbers.
Read this text, which explains the concept of negative numbers using number lines. Pay close attention to the section "Opposite Notation", as this notation will come up frequently in the next few sections of this course. Complete the practice questions and check your answers.
Watch this video for more examples of negative numbers using a number line as a reference.
With practice, adding and subtracting negative numbers feels just like adding and subtracting positive ones. For example, you can add 
and 
in several ways. We can write it out as 
. You can think of negative quantities as debts or money owed. Combine a debt of $5 with a second debt of $3, and you obtain a total debt of $8. We can use other models to interpret and add negative numbers, such as a number line model.
Watch this video for examples of how to add negative numbers with each other and how to add them with positive numbers. Note that when we add a negative number, we can rewrite it as subtracting the positive number. That is: 
.
Complete this assessment to practice adding negative numbers and check your answers. If you need more practice, do Problem Sets 2 and 3.
You also need to be able to subtract negative numbers comfortably. If you consider negative numbers as debts, then you remove a debt when you subtract a negative number. Removing a debt of 4 dollars is like being given 4 dollars. This explains why the equation 
holds: subtracting negative four is the same as adding positive four.
The symbols 
also represent the additive inverse OF (the additive inverse of 
). Our work with additive inverses can help you write this expression in a different and simpler way. After all, the additive inverse of is 
, and now the additive inverse of is, by definition, a number that results in zero when added to . Of course, the additive inverse of is itself. All of this tells us that 
. In the next section we will discuss multiplying and dividing negative numbers.
Watch this video for more examples on how to subtract negative numbers.
Complete this assessment to practice subtracting negative numbers and check your answers. If you need more practice, do Problem Sets 2 and 3.
Of course, we get new numbers when we multiply and divide old ones. The negative or positive sign of the result depends on the positive and negative signs of the numbers we started with. When you multiply or divide two positive numbers, the result is always positive. When you multiply or divide two negative numbers, the result is always positive. However, when you multiply or divide numbers with different signs (one positive and one negative), the result is always negative.
This chart summarizes these facts:
| × | positive | negative | ÷ | positive | negative | |
| positive | positive | negative | positive | positive | negative | |
| negative | negative | positive | negative | negative | positive |
For example: 
, 
, 
, and 
.
Read this text. Pay special attention to the sections Multiplication of Signed Numbers and Division of Signed Numbers. These sections give summaries of the rules for multiplying and dividing positive and negative integers. Complete the practice questions and check your answers.
Watch these videos for more worked examples of multiplying and dividing positive and negative numbers.
Let's return to your aunt's coffee shop. She was already running a steady business, but her popularity really took off when she introduced her delicious breakfast sandwiches! One happy person posted a favorable review online, which caused two more people to stop by and try her food. Each of these two customers told two more people about their delicious breakfast. All four of these new people enjoyed their experience so much that they each recommended the shop to two more individuals.
And now we have questions! Just how many new customers will arrive in the next wave? And how many new customers will those new customers cause to arrive? At how many steps will this process repeat itself before the customers reach the 256 seating capacity? (Take a minute to do the math!)
We can organize this coffee shop phenomenon in several ways. For example, we can notate this as a chain of popularity, with symbols 1→ 2→ 4, meaning one review led to two new happy customers, which itself led to four new happy customers, and so on. The chain continues in the following pattern:
1→ 2→ 4→ 8→16
To determine how many new customers will be stopping by your aunt's coffee shop, we simply multiply the previous number by two. If this chain of popularity keeps growing, we will arrive at the 256 seating capacity in eight steps.1→ 2→ 4→ 8→ 16→ 32 → 64→ 128 → 256
For the first step in this pattern (represented by the first arrow between one and two), we multiply by two one time. To get the number after the second arrow, we multiply by two twice, resulting in
. The third, fourth, and fifth steps involve multiplying by two, three, four, and five times. During the last step, we arrive at 256: we have multiplied two by itself eight times. Rather than write out 
, we can use exponential notation to organize the symbols in a shorter, more informative way. We can write
, 
, 
, 
Watch this video for more practice using this notation.
Then watch these videos to see an example of solving a problem using exponents.
Finally, watch this video to see more examples.
Complete this assessment to practice working with exponents and check your answers. If you need more practice, do Problem Sets 2 and 3.
It can be tricky to determine which operations you should carry out first when you are performing a calculation that has several different mathematical operations. Average Joe had this problem back in Unit 1! Thankfully, we can follow an easy set of rules called the Order of Operations. It is a lifesaver if you are working with a large, multi-step problem!
Read this text. Pay special attention to the Order of Operations portion that summarizes the rules for performing multi-step calculations.
Many students use a silly phrase to remember the order of operations: Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally, where the first letter of each word corresponds to a mathematical operation: parentheses, exponents, multiplication and division, addition and subtraction.
Do Examples 2.8 – 2.12, and check your answers. If you need more practice, you can try Try It 2.15 – 2.24.
Complete this assessment to practice your understanding of the order of operations and check your answers.